High-Stakes Gaming

A public health official working in San Francisco faces a tough decision. Several hospitals have just reported possible Anthrax-related deaths to her office. Her dilemma: Should she distribute the antibiotic Cipro evenly to clinics and hospitals throughout the Bay area or only to hospitals reporting cases?

She chooses the latter. The Cipro arrives at the same time as the lab results: positive for Anthrax. Four thousand people die. If she had distributed the drug evenly, instead of to specific areas, that number would have been closer to 5,000. Had she waited to get the lab results before acting, the toll could have easily reached 10,000.

Thankfully, the circumstances above only occurred onscreen at the Weapons of Mass Destruction Decision Analysis Center at the Sandia National Laboratories, a national security research and development organization funded by the U.S. Department of Energy in Livermore, CA. The Analysis Center-a small theater with multiple screens-provides a means for individuals who would play a decision-making role in the event of a real emergency to rehearse those decisions in real time in what feels like an extravagant, video-game.

“It really is just like a networked game,” says Michael Johnson, head of software development at the Livermore facility. Think SimCity, but with fewer graphics and body counts instead of landscaping. The Center, which opened for presentations and beta testing this past summer, serves as a training camp for decision makers. Ten years of medical data from the state of California and a population model of the Bay area provide data for its simulations. Officials hope to soon make the software available to agencies throughout the country who can tailor it to their region.

Unlike many current antiterrorism initiatives, the Analysis Center went into development before last year’s terrorist attacks on New York and Washington. “We were concerned, even before 9/11, that the need for such training wasn’t being adequately addressed,” says Howard Hirano, manager of advanced technology at Sandia. As a result, a team at Sandia began developing the idea for the Center in the spring of 2001. “The idea was to set up a center to focus on various kinds of weapons-of-mass-destruction attacks-chemical, biological, or radiological. There was a lot of work going on in various communities addressing this, but nothing on this level.”

Using HLA, Sandia has created what they call the Enterprise Modeling Architecture, which houses a database of information such as a list of diseases and their treatments plus demographic statistics of a given municipality’s population. The program filters these details of the simulation. “We can have any number of clients participate in this simulation and interact with these different models but only based on their role,” says Johnson.

For example, a user can log in as a public health official and receive detailed information on both Anthrax and Cipro, whereas someone logged in as a first responder-a fireman or ambulance EMT-might only see emergency room reports, which contain a bare minimum of facts. Both people can work through the same incident, and see how the decisions of each affect the other.

“It’s a valuable tool,” says Michael Nacht, dean of the Goldman School of Public Policy at University of California Berkeley, who tested the program last summer. “It gives you a flavor of the uncertainty in a crisis environment in the event of a domestic weapons of mass destruction attack.”

But according to Nacht, who also chairs a panel on the U.S. security department’s Threat Reduction Advisory Committee, some things are impossible to anticipate, let alone simulate. For example, a major Anthrax attack on a metropolitan area will create a crisis demand for Cipro. If there are limited places where the drug is available, people may line up literally for miles, a situation that might lead to panic. “A lot of things that are plausible are not necessarily included in the model,” says Nacht. “The secondary and tertiary consequences of the crisis don’t tend to get built in.”

Currently, the project is internally funded, but other government agencies, which Sandia declines to name, are interested in creating larger bio-defense and nuclear counter-terrorism models for other metropolitan areas. “It is my belief that these problems will play out at regional levels,” Hirano says, “yet they’ll have national consequences.”

And because these consequences are still so unknown, simulation programs are crucial. “We need to do it through simulation,” says Nacht, “because we have no data for the actual event-thank God.”